The call Beato de Osma is a valuable codex that includes the famous Apocalypse Comments traditionally attributed to the priest Beatus of Liebana. The guard at the Museum Cathedral and Diocesan Burgo de Osma, installed in units of the environment of the cloister. It is undoubtedly the crown jewel of the cathedral.
book measurements are 360 \u200b\u200bx 255 mm. It consists of 166 folios written in two-point Visigothic columns of 43 lines. Preserves 71 miniatures, among which the most widely known internationally is the double representation of the world map page folios 34v-35r.
In order to illustrate the geographic dispersion of the apostles throughout the ecumene, or the known world in antiquity, was included in the Beati a world map derived in large part on the cartogram Isidorian. It showed the sortes apostolorum or where the disciples of Jesus had preached. That contained in the codex of Osma is one of the most complete in existence. Its form is circular, with a Paradise watered by four rivers and the bust-portrait of the twelve apostles. Each sits on his alleged place of evangelization, accompanied by a label identification.
The geography of the Iberian Peninsula is particularly detailed in the region of "GALLECIA" is reminiscent of ancient Roman province or district of the High Middle Ages "Gallaecia." The figure of St. James the Great, "S. Iacobs aps." Sits on a shrine in the vicinity of what is meant is the lighthouse of La Coruña, "Faro." The rivers Miño, "F. Minneus" and Duero, "F. Durius" and the territory of Asturias, "ASTURIAS" are other spatial reference.
The manuscript appears to be the work of many hands. In folio 138V. true cleric endorses Peter: "Memento mei Petrus clericus scripsit ", while in folio 163, under the omega end, appears a certain Martin and Martino:" Martini peccatoris mementote ". The latter character has been identified with the illuminator, but without much substance. The data are entered in the folio 10v. "In Nomine Jesu Nostri DOMINI CHRISTI INCIPIT LIBER APOCALIPSIN QUOD INTERPRETATUR revelatio CHRISTI. MCXXIIII ERA "(year 1086).
Our Blessed belongs to the so-called Family I of the textual tradition, as with other texts related to it as the Blessed Lorvão-dated it in 1189 - or two pages of a Beatus the second half of the twelfth century preserved in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon.
About the place of production and whereabouts earlier this unique c or says there are many speculations. In the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century was already in Osma, as in an inventory of books and documents from this period mention "about an apocalypse ystorias ecclesiastical and Toledo." Similarly, in the back of our manuscript folio 165, there is an endorsement letter of the second half of the thirteenth century: "est Apochalipsis Oxomensi cabinet. If furatus fuerit quis eum vel alio sine mode licentia conventus extraverit eo vel hc. deleverit totum anathema sit. "
In order to illustrate the geographic dispersion of the apostles throughout the ecumene, or the known world in antiquity, was included in the Beati a world map derived in large part on the cartogram Isidorian. It showed the sortes apostolorum or where the disciples of Jesus had preached. That contained in the codex of Osma is one of the most complete in existence. Its form is circular, with a Paradise watered by four rivers and the bust-portrait of the twelve apostles. Each sits on his alleged place of evangelization, accompanied by a label identification.
The geography of the Iberian Peninsula is particularly detailed in the region of "GALLECIA" is reminiscent of ancient Roman province or district of the High Middle Ages "Gallaecia." The figure of St. James the Great, "S. Iacobs aps." Sits on a shrine in the vicinity of what is meant is the lighthouse of La Coruña, "Faro." The rivers Miño, "F. Minneus" and Duero, "F. Durius" and the territory of Asturias, "ASTURIAS" are other spatial reference.
Our Blessed belongs to the so-called Family I of the textual tradition, as with other texts related to it as the Blessed Lorvão-dated it in 1189 - or two pages of a Beatus the second half of the twelfth century preserved in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon.
About the place of production and whereabouts earlier this unique c or says there are many speculations. In the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century was already in Osma, as in an inventory of books and documents from this period mention "about an apocalypse ystorias ecclesiastical and Toledo." Similarly, in the back of our manuscript folio 165, there is an endorsement letter of the second half of the thirteenth century: "est Apochalipsis Oxomensi cabinet. If furatus fuerit quis eum vel alio sine mode licentia conventus extraverit eo vel hc. deleverit totum anathema sit. "
From Shailor studies has been proposed Lately the scriptorium the monastery of Santos Facundo and Primitivo Sahagún as the person responsible for writing and illuminating: "Today, however, it is clear that physical format, writing and ornamentation suggest to incontrovertibly Leonese monastery of Sahagún as a place of origin. " This award has also been assumed, with some qualifications, by John Williams, JA Fernández and Joaquín Flórez Yarza Luaces.
However, on folio 165r. we come to the contents of two documents directly related to the monastery of Carracedo. On the one hand, the final fragment of a Bull of Innocent III dated to November 22, 1203. In addition, a letter, undated, Don Lope, bishop of Astorga (1190-1205), addressed to the abbot and monks of the monastery: "Ecclesie episcopo Astoricensis filiis Abbati dearest in Christo et fratribus of Carrazeto ." Both diplomas are related to the subject of the enforcement berciano monastery of the Cistercian order and are listed in the "Cartulary of Carracedo. Carracedo
during the second half of the twelfth century had become head of a congregation with many subsidiaries in Leon, Galicia, Asturias and Zamora. By 1203 the congregation will join French Cistercian order through Citeaux, changing old habits Black Benedictines by Cistercian white, and changing its former name of San Salvador to Santa Maria de Carracedo. This momentum is conserved well documented, including several letters of Innocent III dated 1203. The first of the texts copied into the Beato de Osma is part of a much broader diploma originally and included the confirmation of all the possessions of the monastery.
The latest donation to the monastery is called 995, and thereafter are very rare mentions in the documentation of the time. Yepes quoted a diploma in 1030 that indicate its survival, but all indications are that the monastic life had either disappeared or languished. In 1094 some estates in Corullón we identify with "Carrazedo term," a diploma from the Cathedral of Astorga.
As has been shown José Antonio Balboa de Paz and Manuel Carriedo Tejedo other contemporary documents simply mention the existence here of a villa , without any allusion to the community of monks. Nor is there reliable information about possible or assumed abbots, with no more than speculate.
The truth is that news of the cloister berciano fade between 1040 (date of the last known donation for San Salvador), and the year 1130 (when he mentioned the Infant of Carracedo). Between those dates a mention in 1126 Carracedo us acting civil authority, "Petro Garcia, Carrazeto tenens."
On the diploma of 1040 is not complete security, because today is not preserved and only managed to gloss Yepes content in the seventeenth century. This is a grant by the bishop of Astorga Sampiro Sorribas villa in which quoted an abbot named Esteban. In 1130 on the occasion of the delivery by Alfonso VII of the church of Santiago in the town of Cacabelos, confirms, inter alia, infantis Dona Sancha: "Ego infantissa domna Sancia ... et quicquid confirm in prefata villa habe post partem of infantatico of Carracedo. This news is older, in any case, the transfer of the monks of Santa Marina de Valverde to San Salvador de Carracedo, in front of Florencio Abad, under the patronage of Alfonso VII, we know for a diploma dated 17 October 1138.
In such circumstances it is a remote possibility that this place could have been composed in 1086 a manuscript of the size and quality of today preserved in Burgo de Osma.
Another thing is the reason why that those writings were incorporated into the Blessed El Burgo de Osma. In the description of the manuscript made in 1929 by Timothy Red Orcajo had already noted that the sheet 165 was placed as a guardian of the manuscript, ie, not organically belong to none of the booklets.
If we compared the texts of the folio 165r, with appropriate documentation of the "Cartulary of Carracedo" it is clear that this is an incomplete copy made around the time of 1203 and that, therefore, would lack at least two pages or one more. Everything indicates that the folio is question was reused as a guard, before ripping a bifolia and a booklet with more pages.
From these premises, the possibilities multiply. It may be a simple "old parchment, one of many, reused in any rebinding of the manuscript in Osma or elsewhere. But can not be excluded completely stay on the shelves of the library Carracedo from mid-twelfth century.
could have been purchased then the newly refurbished Abbey, or have washed up here from any of the affiliated monasteries of his order, several of them with a known history in the second half XI century. Another possibility is that he was on temporary loan to make a copy. In fact, the Blessed Lorvão seems like a copy of the codex of Burgo de Osma, or both texts come from the same archetype. Similarly, the two loose folios from a Beatus Astorga, now in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon, have anything to do with iconography and codicological copies of Osma and Lorvão.
When Ambrosio de Morales visited the library in the sixteenth century Carracedo warned that much of their old copies had been disposed of: "Books have been many, and given to old parchment hanle: there are still these: Opus Sancti Paterii: ex operibus D. Gregorii. Berengarius in Apocalypsim. A very good saints, which is after Paul Deacon's History of Merida, and the Works of Valerio, who was abbot there in the Vierzo, shortly after the downfall of Spain, and Oviedo as stated above there was also works.
What is certain is that in the second half of the thirteenth century and belonged to our Blessed chapter Burgo de Osma, as seen in the text copied to the return of the same folio 165. We also know that the cathedral of Osma acquired several manuscripts from the Abbey of Santa Maria Navarrese Fitero.
In any case, the cathedral would be interested in purchasing a beat, the work of a renowned author expressly dedicated to his bishop, Eterio de Osma, all though this time the letter was already fully Visigothic obsolete. Proof of this is the description attached to the first folio of the codex: " or n Explanation of the Apocalypse by several authors. This exhibition is or No S. Beatus of Li é bana, abbot of Li é bana (Cantabria) famous for having fought together with Eterio, disc polish S. í Blessed, Bishop of Osma, errors F é lix (Bishop of Urgel was convinced of error and died or in 818) and Elipando (archbishop of Toledo, who died in stubborn or 808).
The truth is that news of the cloister berciano fade between 1040 (date of the last known donation for San Salvador), and the year 1130 (when he mentioned the Infant of Carracedo). Between those dates a mention in 1126 Carracedo us acting civil authority, "Petro Garcia, Carrazeto tenens."
On the diploma of 1040 is not complete security, because today is not preserved and only managed to gloss Yepes content in the seventeenth century. This is a grant by the bishop of Astorga Sampiro Sorribas villa in which quoted an abbot named Esteban. In 1130 on the occasion of the delivery by Alfonso VII of the church of Santiago in the town of Cacabelos, confirms, inter alia, infantis Dona Sancha: "Ego infantissa domna Sancia ... et quicquid confirm in prefata villa habe post partem of infantatico of Carracedo. This news is older, in any case, the transfer of the monks of Santa Marina de Valverde to San Salvador de Carracedo, in front of Florencio Abad, under the patronage of Alfonso VII, we know for a diploma dated 17 October 1138.
Another thing is the reason why that those writings were incorporated into the Blessed El Burgo de Osma. In the description of the manuscript made in 1929 by Timothy Red Orcajo had already noted that the sheet 165 was placed as a guardian of the manuscript, ie, not organically belong to none of the booklets.
If we compared the texts of the folio 165r, with appropriate documentation of the "Cartulary of Carracedo" it is clear that this is an incomplete copy made around the time of 1203 and that, therefore, would lack at least two pages or one more. Everything indicates that the folio is question was reused as a guard, before ripping a bifolia and a booklet with more pages.
From these premises, the possibilities multiply. It may be a simple "old parchment, one of many, reused in any rebinding of the manuscript in Osma or elsewhere. But can not be excluded completely stay on the shelves of the library Carracedo from mid-twelfth century.
could have been purchased then the newly refurbished Abbey, or have washed up here from any of the affiliated monasteries of his order, several of them with a known history in the second half XI century. Another possibility is that he was on temporary loan to make a copy. In fact, the Blessed Lorvão seems like a copy of the codex of Burgo de Osma, or both texts come from the same archetype. Similarly, the two loose folios from a Beatus Astorga, now in the Provincial Historic Archive of Leon, have anything to do with iconography and codicological copies of Osma and Lorvão.
When Ambrosio de Morales visited the library in the sixteenth century Carracedo warned that much of their old copies had been disposed of: "Books have been many, and given to old parchment hanle: there are still these: Opus Sancti Paterii: ex operibus D. Gregorii. Berengarius in Apocalypsim. A very good saints, which is after Paul Deacon's History of Merida, and the Works of Valerio, who was abbot there in the Vierzo, shortly after the downfall of Spain, and Oviedo as stated above there was also works.
What is certain is that in the second half of the thirteenth century and belonged to our Blessed chapter Burgo de Osma, as seen in the text copied to the return of the same folio 165. We also know that the cathedral of Osma acquired several manuscripts from the Abbey of Santa Maria Navarrese Fitero.
In any case, the cathedral would be interested in purchasing a beat, the work of a renowned author expressly dedicated to his bishop, Eterio de Osma, all though this time the letter was already fully Visigothic obsolete. Proof of this is the description attached to the first folio of the codex: " or n Explanation of the Apocalypse by several authors. This exhibition is or No S. Beatus of Li é bana, abbot of Li é bana (Cantabria) famous for having fought together with Eterio, disc polish S. í Blessed, Bishop of Osma, errors F é lix (Bishop of Urgel was convinced of error and died or in 818) and Elipando (archbishop of Toledo, who died in stubborn or 808).
Images: 1. World Map [fol. 34v.-35r] 2. Details to World Map the description of "GALLECIA" 3. The woman and the dragon [fol. 117V.] 4. diplomas Carracedo copied on folio 165r., 5. Carracedo chapter house and 6. home of the Western church monastery.
