is well known that the Iberian Peninsula was one of the primitive ways of penetration of the game of chess in the West. First through Al-Andalus and thereafter as a result of trade and cultural exchanges with the mediation of the Christian kingdoms.
Although India is often noted the and the sixth century as the time-space coordinates of the origin of chess, the first explicit reference to the practice or knowledge of the game in the West is clearly Hispanic. It comes from a will, dated Tuixén near La Seu d 'Urgell , on July 28, 1008, in Armengol , I Count of Urgell , brother of Ramon Borrell . This chess Count bequeathed his convent of San Egidio : "... et ad Sancti Aegidici coenobio shako ipsa ad ipsa Ecclesia operates. " monastery is believed that this corresponds with that of Sant Gilles, near Nimes , possession of the Catalan counties.
Although India is often noted the and the sixth century as the time-space coordinates of the origin of chess, the first explicit reference to the practice or knowledge of the game in the West is clearly Hispanic. It comes from a will, dated Tuixén near La Seu d 'Urgell , on July 28, 1008, in Armengol , I Count of Urgell , brother of Ramon Borrell . This chess Count bequeathed his convent of San Egidio : "... et ad Sancti Aegidici coenobio shako ipsa ad ipsa Ecclesia operates. " monastery is believed that this corresponds with that of Sant Gilles, near Nimes , possession of the Catalan counties.
Starting XI century, references to various chess Andalusi Arabic manuscripts appear in up to a certain literary splendor between the ages XII and XIII . One example is the legendary defeat of Alfonso VI on a chess board in front of Ibn Ammar , Sevilla vizier, which would have forced the Christian king to withdraw its troops from the siege of the city.
is century XIII when scacis ludere reached the category of a science in the Hispanic kingdoms, a supreme art which employs nobles, clergy and even kings. Alfonso X the Wise compiled the famous codex: Miscellaneous Games axedrez , Dice, and tables with their explanations, arranged by order of King Alfonso the Wise . The precious manuscript, now in the library of El Escorial is dated, according to his explicit in Sevilla in 1283, a year before death the monarch.
From the fans to the game between members of the nobility there are some references in medieval chronicles. As recounted in the Chronicle of John II, chess serves as a smokescreen to facilitate evasion in 1448 the Count of Benavente III de su prisión en el castillo vallisoletano de Portillo, ya que consigue distraer al alcaide jugando con él hasta la llegada de sus partidarios: "é guiólos el portero hasta donde estaba el Conde jugando al axedrez con Diego de Ribera. El Conde había comenzado este juego é lo detenía, porque Diego de Ribera no anduviese por la fortaleza".
Una aportación también hispana, aunque más tardía, ya del siglo XVI , es el tratado de Ruy López de Segura : Book of the invention liberal arts chess game, released in Alcalá in 1561. López, caller and still employed "English Opening" states on the cover of his treatise "cleric, citizen of the town of Cafra "and this is confirmed by Sebastian of Covarrubias en su Tesoro de la lengua castellana , donde en la voz Zafra, entre otras cosas, dice: "Otra Zafra hay en Extremadura , donde hubo un muchacho que, siendo de muy poca edad, era tan gran jugador de ajedrez, que todos le reconocían la ventaja, y quedó el nombre del niño de Zafra" . Se le consideró el mejor jugador de su época.
La evolución de las reglas del juego de los 64 escaques, de la fisonomía y significado de sus piezas, y de su nomenclatura han sido glosadas en numerosas ocasiones. Hasta mediados del siglo XIII not face into the boards, boxes initially monochrome white pieces and black pieces, as in modern chess, but White and red pieces. In the museum displays a magnificent Lion board inlaid wood, inlaid with bone, from the Palacio de los Condes de Luna in Leon. Its design, based on heraldic emblems blanket should be in the XV century .
is century XIII when scacis ludere reached the category of a science in the Hispanic kingdoms, a supreme art which employs nobles, clergy and even kings. Alfonso X the Wise compiled the famous codex: Miscellaneous Games axedrez , Dice, and tables with their explanations, arranged by order of King Alfonso the Wise . The precious manuscript, now in the library of El Escorial is dated, according to his explicit in Sevilla in 1283, a year before death the monarch.
From the fans to the game between members of the nobility there are some references in medieval chronicles. As recounted in the Chronicle of John II, chess serves as a smokescreen to facilitate evasion in 1448 the Count of Benavente III de su prisión en el castillo vallisoletano de Portillo, ya que consigue distraer al alcaide jugando con él hasta la llegada de sus partidarios: "é guiólos el portero hasta donde estaba el Conde jugando al axedrez con Diego de Ribera. El Conde había comenzado este juego é lo detenía, porque Diego de Ribera no anduviese por la fortaleza".
Una aportación también hispana, aunque más tardía, ya del siglo XVI , es el tratado de Ruy López de Segura : Book of the invention liberal arts chess game, released in Alcalá in 1561. López, caller and still employed "English Opening" states on the cover of his treatise "cleric, citizen of the town of Cafra "and this is confirmed by Sebastian of Covarrubias en su Tesoro de la lengua castellana , donde en la voz Zafra, entre otras cosas, dice: "Otra Zafra hay en Extremadura , donde hubo un muchacho que, siendo de muy poca edad, era tan gran jugador de ajedrez, que todos le reconocían la ventaja, y quedó el nombre del niño de Zafra" . Se le consideró el mejor jugador de su época.
La evolución de las reglas del juego de los 64 escaques, de la fisonomía y significado de sus piezas, y de su nomenclatura han sido glosadas en numerosas ocasiones. Hasta mediados del siglo XIII not face into the boards, boxes initially monochrome white pieces and black pieces, as in modern chess, but White and red pieces. In the museum displays a magnificent Lion board inlaid wood, inlaid with bone, from the Palacio de los Condes de Luna in Leon. Its design, based on heraldic emblems blanket should be in the XV century .
Among the most luxurious and coveted were those made by Muslim craftsmen in rock crystal and ivory. The ivory pieces were colored or gilded, pigments in most and the d cases have ended up losing. Moreover, the ivory is not always strictly white in its natural tone depends on the grain original Fang, as well as other factors.
ivory objects in all shapes and sizes are kept in the finest medieval treasures, along with pieces of jewelry, precious stones and metals. The ivory was so rare and coveted material as your own gold or precious stones. A unique and legendary character must be added its alleged medicinal properties or as a talisman, as described in various treaties.
ivory objects in all shapes and sizes are kept in the finest medieval treasures, along with pieces of jewelry, precious stones and metals. The ivory was so rare and coveted material as your own gold or precious stones. A unique and legendary character must be added its alleged medicinal properties or as a talisman, as described in various treaties.
The treasures of the churches begin to exhibit chess figures even before the practice of noble game was extended by the West. These parts could be conceived at some point as part of a complete game. But where are treasured and solemnly presented are now part of the shrines associated with many different religions.
The presence of chess pieces in the treasuries of churches, cathedrals and monasteries is therefore nothing unusual in the Middle Ages. As relics were venerated in Saint Denis ivory pieces belonging presumably to Charlemagne. These figures would have been a gift from the Caliph Abbasid Harun-el Rachid that reigned in Baghdad (789 - 809), a character of legend and hero of many tales Thousand and One Nights .
The parts Peñalba have been attributed by tradition to objects and relics relating to the figure of St. Gennadius , and "may well catch up" in the words of Gómez Moreno. Other commentators such pieces correspond to a kind of divinatory practices called sortes sacerdotarum "and identify the owner of such with the bishop-abbot Solomon, not San Gennadius. Devotees belonging to the considered chess, with which the saint was amusing at times of leisure, playing with fellow retreat. In the popular tradition these pieces were known as "Saint Gennadius bowling" because of its small size berciano remembered the traditional game, believing that they were used for this purpose Peñalba by monks.
In line Peñalba chess are the three pieces of rock crystal San Millán de la Cogolla or eight figures (a rook, two bishops, two knights and three pawns) the so-called San Chess Rosendo . latter were beautifully made out of glass Fatimid rock and come from the "treasure" of San Miguel de Celanova , today in the museum of the Cathedral of Orense . The pieces were drawn apparently the saint's tomb early in Celanova existing Galician until the second half of the XVII .
The four ivory, preserved today in the sacristy of Peñalara can be identified with a pawn, a bishop and two rocks-broken one of them, which are adorned with three parallel vertical hairlines and one each small groups of five circles tangents and radii on the upper faces. himself Gómez Moreno did in the early twentieth century a first description of them: "Two are large, rectangular faces, forming as concave up, as a putative Charlemagne and circles are recorded, the other two cylindrical, ending in hemisphere, with one or two bumps on one side and folding the second piece in size to his companion. "
1. Images: 1 . Chess Gennadius St. 2. Book of Games of Alfonso X 3. Chessboard from the palace of the Counts of Luna (León) [S. XV] and 4. Drawing Shopping for parts as José María Luengo.
1. Images: 1 . Chess Gennadius St. 2. Book of Games of Alfonso X 3. Chessboard from the palace of the Counts of Luna (León) [S. XV] and 4. Drawing Shopping for parts as José María Luengo.
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